What is the impact of self-stigma? Loss of self-respect and the "why try" effect.

BACKGROUND The "Why Try" phenomenon, a consequence of self-stigma, is a sense of futility that occurs when people believe they are unworthy or incapable of achieving personal goals because they apply the stereotypes of mental illness to themselves. AIMS This study examines a four-stage model of self-stigma (aware, agree, apply, and self-stigma harm) and examines the "why try" effect as a result. We do that by testing a measure of "why try." METHOD Two hypothetical path models were tested. In the first, applying stereotypes to oneself leads to diminished self-respect and a sense of "why try". In the second, the effect of applying stereotypes on "why try" is mediated by diminished self-respect. Participants completed the "why try" measure along with measures of self-stigma, public stigma, recovery, and empowerment. RESULTS Results show application of stereotypes to oneself predicts diminished self-respect and "why try". "Why try" was significantly associated with agreement with public stigma, depression, and diminished sense of personal recovery. CONCLUSIONS Findings from this study reveal the complex impact of self-stigma demonstrating its emotional and behavioral consequences. Implications for impacting self-stigma are discussed.